When was the Botanical Levy introduced in France?

1830s

Which government implemented the Botanical Levy in France?

The July Monarchy under King Louis-Philippe I

What was the primary reason for introducing the Botanical Levy?

To raise revenue for botanical gardens and public parks

Which items were primarily targeted by the Botanical Levy?

Exotic plants, flowers, and seeds

How was the Botanical Levy collected?

As a tax on the importation and sale of exotic and ornamental plants

What was a common reaction of the public to the Botanical Levy?

Mixed reactions, with horticulturists and garden enthusiasts opposing it due to increased costs

How did the Botanical Levy impact the horticulture industry in the 19th century?

It increased the cost of exotic plants, affecting nurseries and gardeners specializing in ornamental horticulture

Which social class was most affected by the Botanical Levy?

Wealthy landowners and urban middle-class citizens who invested in elaborate gardens

What was one method used by people to avoid paying the Botanical Levy?

Smuggling or cultivating their own plants from seeds obtained informally

When did the Botanical Levy decline in significance?

By the late 19th century, as the popularity of public botanical gardens grew and alternative funding methods were introduced

What broader historical context surrounded the introduction of the Botanical Levy?

A period of urban beautification and the establishment of public parks and gardens across Europe